Running head: A PREDICTIVE HAZARD PERCEPTION PARADIGM A predictive hazard perception paradigm differentiates driving experience cross-culturally Phui

Hazard perception (HP) tests are used in several developed countries as part of the driver licensing process, where they are believed to have improved road safety; however, relatively little HP research has been conducted in developing countries, which account for 80% of the world’s road fatalities. Previous research suggests that drivers in these countries may be desensitized to hazardous road situations and thus have increased response latencies to hazards, creating validity issues with the typical HP reaction time paradigm. The present study compared Malaysian and UK drivers’ HP skills when watching video clips filmed in both countries, using a predictive paradigm where hazard criterion could not affect performance. Clips filmed in the UK successfully differentiated experience in participants from both countries, however there was no such differentiation in the Malaysian set of videos. Malaysian drivers also predicted hazards less accurately overall, indicating that exposure to a greater number of hazards on Malaysian roads did not have a positive effect on participants’ predictive hazard perception skill. Nonetheless the experiential discrimination noted in this predictive paradigm may provide a practical alternative for hazard perception testing in developing countries.